The Credit Risk Of Banks Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2138 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The aim of the study is to assess the credit risk management of major banks in Mauritius. This chapter presents the review of related research of the component credit risk management. Banks main activities and operations are based on the management of wide range of equity capital, assets and liabilities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Credit Risk Of Banks Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Greuning, H.V and Bratanovic, S.B (2003) pointed out that Adequate risk management is therefore a must and forms part of effective banking operation. Common cited risks include; operational risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk and credit risk. All these risks arise while banks perform their most fundamental and traditional role of lending and borrowing. According to the consultative paper issued by the Basel committee on bank supervisions (1999), credit risk continues to remain one of the biggest sources of risk for banking institutions throughout the world. This is due to the fact that loan portfolio of banks is the largest asset and the main source of revenue. Also, credit risk is associated with potential fluctuations of the stream of cash flows of an asset. It is often pointed to be responsible for bank failure. Hence, to improve their credit risk management, monitoring and assessment, banks have been using a number of tools and methods over the past 20 years. Improving actual systems and implementing new systems to evaluate certain types of loan more efficiently, objectively and accurately to better mitigate credit risk and improve portfolio performance is an ongoing process in the banking sector of Mauritius. (John B 2011) said that credit risk is one of the oldest and most major forms of risk faced by banks as financial intermediaries. Since this particular risk has the power of wiping out enough of a banks capital to force it into bankruptcy, managing this kind of risk has always been one of the predominant challenges in running a bank smoothly. (Broll, Pausch and Welzel, 2002). 2.1 The Credit Risk of Banks 2.1.1 Another Definition The Monetary Authority of Singapore (2006) defined credit risk as the risk derived from the doubtfulness of an obligors capability to perform its contractual obligations, where the term obligator refers to any party that has a direct or indirect obligation under a contract. It also state that credit risk could rise from both on and off balance sheet transactions. Moreover, financial instruments like; options, futures, swaps, foreign exchange, guarantee and others also contribute to credit exposure of banks. (Blommertein 2005) defined credit risk as the possible loss, known as probability of default, that could arise if the counterparties fail to meet their financial obligations, not only in present time but in future time also. Credit risk is also known as default risk or counter party risk. According to the BCBS (2001), it is defined as the possibility of losing the outstanding loan partially or totally, due to credit events. Credit risk therefore measures the portion of the loan that is exposed to default risk (Basu, 1997, 2002a). (Andrew 2002) add that credit risk is the risk that a counterpart defaults and the bank losses all its market position or that part which is irrecoverable. 2.1.2 Categories of Credit Risk To gain a better understanding on the nature of credit risk, it is necessary to introduce the types of credit risk involved in financial activities before any further discussion. Concerning the categorizing of credit risk, different authors have expressed various criteria. Horcher (2005), who defines six types of credit risk, including default risk, counterparty pre-settlement risk, counterparty settlement risk, legal risk, country or sovereign risk and concentration risk. However, since legal risk is more likely to be considered as independent or belonging to operational risk nowadays (see HSBC 2006 annual report, Casu, Girardone and Molyneux 2006, etc) and concentration risk, together with adverse selection as well as moral hazar d, is more reasonably to be thought of as an important issue in managing credit risk rather than a type of the risk itself (see Duffie and Singleton 2003), in the following illustration, only the rest four kinds of credit risk mentioned by Horcher (2005) will be touched upon. Default Risk According to Horcher (2005), traditional credit risk relates to the default on a payment, especially lending or sales. And a likelihood of the default is called the probability of default. When a default occurs, the amount at risk may be as much as the whole liability, which can be recovered later, depending on factors like the creditors legal status. However, later collections are generally difficult or even impossible in that huge outstanding obligations or losses are usually the reasons why organizations fail. Counter Party Pre-Settlement Risk Pre-settlement risk arises from the possibility that the counterparty will default once a contract has been entered into but a settlement stil l does not occur. During this period, a contract has unrealized gains, which indicates the risk. The potential loss to the organization depends on how market rates have changed since the establishment of the original contract, which can be evaluated in terms of current and potential exposure to the organization (Horcher 2005). Counter Party Settlement Risk According to Casu, Girardone and Molyneux (2006), settlement risk is a risk typically faced in the interbank market and it refers to the situation where one party to a contract fails to pay money or deliver assets to another party at the settlement time, which can be associated with any timing differences in settlement. Horcher (2005) points out that the risk is often related with foreign exchange trading, where payments in different money centers are not made simultaneously and volumes are huge. The case of the small German bank Bankhaus Herstatt, which received payments from its foreign exchange counterparties but had yet to make payments to counterparty financial institutions on the shutting down date, can serve as a typical example for the failure caused by settlement risk (Heffernan 1996). Country or Sovereign Risk Country risk arises due to the impact of deteriorating foreign economic, social and political conditions on overseas transactions and sovereign risk refers to the possibility that governments may enforce their authority to declare debt to external lenders void or modify the movements of profits, interest and capital under some economic or political pressure (Casu, Girardone and Molyneux 2006). Then as Horcher (2005) has concluded, since evidence shows that countries and governments have temporarily or permanently imposed controls on capital, prevented cross-border payments and suspended debt repayments etc, problems arise for issuers to fulfill obligations in such environment. Also financial crisis may precipitate sometimes. 2.1.3 Identifying Credit Risk Exposures in Banks Generally, credit risk is related to the traditional bank lending activities, while it also comes from holding bonds and other securities. Basel (1999a) reports that for most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk; however, throughout the activities of a bank, which include in the banking book as well as in the trading book, and both on and off the balance sheet, there are also other sources of credit risk. Various financial instruments including acceptances, interbank transactions, financial futures, guarantees, etc increase banks credit risk. Therefore, it is indispensable to identify all the credit exposures the possible sources of credit risk for most banks, which can also serve as a starting point for the following parts of this work. A. On-Balance Sheet Exposures Loans According to Saunders and Cornett (2006), the major types of bank loans are commercial and industrial (CI), real estate, consumer and others. Commercial and industrial loan s can be made for periods from a few weeks to several years for financing firms working capital needs or credit needs respectively. Real estate loans are primarily mortgage loans whose size, price and maturity differ widely from CI loans. Consumer loans refer to those such as personal and auto loans while the so called other loans include a wide variety of borrowers such as other banks, nonblank financial institutions and so on. Credit risk is the predominant risk in bank loans. Over the decades the credit quality of many banks lending has attracted a large amount of attention. The only change is on the focus of the problems from bank loans to less developed countries and commercial real estate loans to auto loans as well as credit cards, which is an American example. Since the default risk is usually present to some degrees in all loans (Saunders and Cornett 2006), the individual loan and loan portfolio management is undoubtedly crucial in banks credit risk management. Nonper forming Loan Portfolio According to Hennie (2003), nonperforming loans are those not generating income, and loans are often treated as nonperforming when principal or interest is due and left unpaid for 90 days or more. Thus the nonperforming loan portfolio is a very important indication of the banks credit risk exposure and lending decisions quality. Debt Securities Besides lending, credit risk also exists in banks traditional area of debt securities investing. Debt securities are debt instruments in the form of bonds, notes, certificates of deposits, etc, which are issued by governments, quasi-government bodies or large corporations to raise capital.1 In general, the issuer promises to pay coupon on regular basis through the life of the instrument and the stated principal will be repaid at maturity time. However, the likelihood that the issuer will default always exists, resulting in the loss of interest or even the principal to banks, which can be a damaging impact. B . Off-Balance Sheet Exposures Since the 1980s, off-balance sheet commitments have grown rapidly in major banks, among which there are swaps, forward rate agreements, bankers acceptances, revolving underwriting facilities, etc. (Hull 1989). Those commitments give rise to new types of credit risk from the possibility of default by the counterparty. In this section, some of the off-balance sheet credit exposures will be introduced, among which the first one is related to derivative contracts. Derivatives Contracts According to Saunders and Cornett (2006), banks can be dealers of derivatives that act as counterparties in trades with customers for a fee. Contingent credit risk is quite likely to be present when banks expand their positions in derivative contracts. Since the counterparty may default on payment obligations to truncate current and future losses, risk will arise, which leaves the banks unhedged and having to substitute the contract at todays interest rates and price s. This is also more likely to happen when the banks are in the money and the counterparty is losing heavily on the contract. Comparatively, the type of credit (default) risk is more serious for forward contracts and swap contracts, which are nonstandard ones entered into bilaterally by negotiating parties. While trading in options, futures or other similar contracts may expose banks to lower credit risk since contracts are held directly with the exchange and there are margining requirements. However, the credit risk is also not negligible. Guarantees and Acceptances Bank Guarantee is an undertaking from the bank which ensures that the liabilities of a debtor will be met, while a bankers acceptance is an obligation by a bank to pay the face value of a bill of exchange on maturity (Basel 1986). It is mentioned by Basel (1986) that since guarantees and acceptances are obligations to stand behind a third party, they should be treated as direct credit substitutes, whose credit ris k is equivalent to that of a loan to the ultimate borrower or to the drawer of the instrument. In this sense, it is clear that there is a full risk exposure in these off balance sheet activities. Interbank Transactions Banks send the bulk of the wholesale dollar payments through wire transfer systems such as the Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS). The funds or payments messages sent on the CHIPS network within the day are provisional, which are only settled at the end of the day. Therefore, when a major fraud is discovered in a banks book during the day, which may cause an immediate shutting down, its counterparty bank will not receive the promised payments and may not be able to meet the payment commitments to other banks, leaving a serious plight. As pointed out by Saunders and Cornett (2006), the essential feature of the above kind of settlement risk in interbank transactions is that, banks are exposed to a within-day, or intraday, credit risk that does not ap pear on its balance sheet, which needs to be carefully dealt with. Loan Commitments A loan commitment is a formal offer by a lending bank with the explicit terms under which it agrees to lend to a firm a certain maximum amount at given interest rate over a certain period of time. In this activity, contingent credit risk exists in setting the interest or formula rate on a loan commitment. According to Saunders and Cornett (2006), banks often add a risk premium based on its current assessment of the creditworthiness of the borrower, and then in the case that the borrowing firm gets into difficulty during the commitment period, the bank will be exposed to dramatic declines in borrower creditworthiness, since the premium is preset before the downgrade.

Essay The Man Who Was Almost A Man by Richard Wright

The Man Who Was Almost A Man by Richard Wright In life, there are many decisions that everyone must make. And with decision-making comes consequences, some that we are ready for , and some that we may not be ready for. The author of The Man Who Was Almost a Man, Richard Wright, portrays a young man who wants to be a man, but shows that he is clearly unprepared for manhood and the consequences that come with that responsibility. Through decision making based on self interest, wanting to gain respect from his family, and wanting to prove his dignity, Richard Wright brings forth the main character, Dave, a seventeen year old boy, whose actions show that he is only almost a man. Throughout the story, many of Dave?s†¦show more content†¦In Dave?s case, his immaturity was displayed and showed that he was not yet ready to be a man. With Dave feeling as if he is no longer a boy, he felt he deserved respect. Dave wanted the entire town to respect him but really yearned for it mostly from his parents. He worked hard in the fields and the money that he earned went to his mother. ?Ol? man Hawkins give yuh mah money yit?,? Dave said to his mother. He felt that since he did the work, then he should get the money, or at least some of it. After killing the mule in an accident, Dave also wanted to regain the respect of his boss and the other townspeople. They tormented him for his immaturity and he wanted badly to change his perception and earn his respect back. ? All the crowd was laughing now.? The townspeople were laughing at ?Dave right after he accidentally shot the mule. ?Dave really wanted to be treated like a man but it seemed as if it would never happen. ?Damn em all Nobody ever gave him anything. All he did was work. They treat me like a mule, n then they beat me.? Dave was not ready for the consequences that he would have to face for shooting the mule. It was an accident but he had to stand up to it. ?Dave?s decision to purchase the gun was questionable but his decision to disobey his mother by hiding the gun was more insane. The author of ? The Man Who Was Almost a Man,? Richard Wright, developed a beautiful title for this short story becauseShow MoreRelatedThe Man Who Was Almost A Man By Richard Wright1896 Words   |  8 Pagesof the most important moments in a man’s life is when he realizes he is no longer a boy. Often times this evolution in social status occurs without deliberate attempt. In the literary work entitled, â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†, Richard Wright outlines a story about a young boy named Dave, who struggles with his own perception of manhood. Throughout this story Dave wrestles with the societal concept of hegemonic masculinity and tries to force his way into manhood. Hegemonic masculinity, a pot entiallyRead MoreSummary Of Richard Wright s The Of The Man Who Was Almost A Man 1031 Words   |  5 Pages224 10 November 2015 The Struggle to Manhood In the world of â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†, Dave is the seventeen year old main character and narrator of Richard Wright’s short story. Dave is an African American sharecropper who lives with his family on a white plantation owner’s land. Set in the Jim Crow South, independence is a trait that not many Americans possess. Under Jim Crow laws, the status of an African American man is undermined. It is humiliating to many of the men it affects becauseRead MoreRichard Wright s The Man Who Was Almost A Man And William Faulkner s Barn Burning1248 Words   |  5 Pagesas they are impressionable at an early age. Father figures play a critical role in the development of the main characters in both Richard Wright s The Man Who Was Almost a Man and William Faulkner s Barn Burning. Moreover, both stories focus on adolescent males who are running from their past in search of a better life. Wright wrote about an African-American boy who tries to grow up too fast , while Faulkner’s is the story of a white kid growing up with a the moral dilemma of right from wrongRead MoreClassic Coming of Age Stories in A White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett and The Man Who Was Almost A Man by Richard Wright935 Words   |  4 Pagestheir first move into adulthood. In a sense, these stories show the protagonist shifting from innocence to gaining experiences. The two coming of age stories that we read in class were â€Å"A White Heron† by Sarah Orne Jewett and â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost A Man† by Richard Wright. Both being coming of age stories, they have similar features but were different in the sense that one protagonist seemed to have made a shift into adulthood whereas one did not. Starting of with â€Å"A White Heron†, the story startsRead MoreThe Man Who Was Almost A Man Character Analysis1496 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who you could meet in the real world. In good fiction, the reader will be able to immerse themselves i nto the book so well that the reader will forget that they are even reading a story. An example of good fiction would be â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man† by Richard Wright. Wright’s main character Dave possesses the three necessities that would make him a convincing character where Dave’s behavior is consistent, his words and actions spring from motivation, and he is a character who you wouldRead MoreEssay on Richard Wrights The Man Who Was Almost a Man1658 Words   |  7 PagesRichard Wrights The Man Who Was Almost a Man The Man Who Was Almost a Man is a fictitious short story about an uneducated black boys quest to become a man. Growing up in the early 1900s was a very hard task for most black people. The lack of education was one of the hardest hills they had to overcome to make it in a world dominated by whites. The story centers upon one 17-year boy who has very low self-esteem caused by his peers. He believes that owning a gun will gain him respect withRead MoreElla Wright : The Single Biggest Factor That Shaped His Life892 Words   |  4 PagesElla Wright was â€Å"the single biggest factor that shaped his life,† the life of Richard Wright that is. Ella Wright was an extremely strict and firm mother. She was left by her husband (Richard father) to raise Richard and his little brother all alone, but just like other women who husband leave them for another women, Ella Wright slowly started to lose herself. Not only did the abandonment from Richard father effect Mrs. Wright but it also took an extreme toll on young Richard though he do not speakRead MoreRichard Wright And Malcolm X1167 Words   |  5 PagesRichard Wright and Malcolm X are two African Americans that struggled so much in the pursuit of knowledge in other to gain power and figure. Richard wright is from Natchez, Mississippi; he was in the south around the year 1925 and worked for the white men helping them get books from the library. During the process of obtaining books for the white men, he wants to read and know of the black history. Malcolm X is from Omaha, Nebraska, he was in prison for burglary, during his time in prison then cameRead More Man Who Was Almost a Man Essay653 Words   |  3 PagesWhat does it mean to be a man? How does one qualify for the title? Is the term man simply referring to male human beings, or does it hold a greater measure of meaning in society. In order to get more insight into this subject matter, I consulted, The Tormont Websters Encyclopedic Dictionary. As I anticipated, the first definition for man stated as following: An adult human being as distinguished from a female. This definition, did not surprise me, but what did ,was what followed it , it stated:Read MoreRichard Wright s Writing Style1731 Words   |  7 PagesIt is probably a mere accident that I never killed, states Richard Wright during an inte rview. (Kinnamon 596) Often times, an alternative people would turn to would be violence in a way to escape the world they lived in, but one man held so much inspiration over a society that was and still is shaded by prejudice. What many fail to realize is one can transform the direction of the way society works simply by using words. Because of Richard Wright’s writing style, he depicts the racism and bigotry

Report on Columbia River Crossing Project

Questions: 1. You will submit: a Project Scope Statement with stakeholder information, communication plans, and a WBS for a project you select. First, determine the project you will use for this assignment. It can be a real project or completely made-up. Think about various types of projects (e.g. starting a new company, writing a novel, planning a 50th anniversary party for your parents, consolidating departments, or possibly something in banking, health services, IT, or construction. 2. Develop a scope statement. Make any assumptions; be sure to document them. 3. Identify your stakeholders. For each, state if the stakeholder is external/internal, have influence/do not have influence, are impactful/are not impactful. 4. Determine the communication plan for your project. Some consideration or questions that may help you with this: Kloppenborg, p. 127-128. Do not get overly detailed for this part of the assignment. If your communication plan is more than a half page long, you have gotten too detailed. 5. Develop a WBS for your project down to level 3 at a minimum (6 at the maximum) and for at least one of the categories, down to a work package. There are also videos in the module that help to explain a WBS. If your work shows a severe lack of understanding of a WBS, I assume you have not done all your reading assignments or watched the videos. Answers: Introduction In this project report, it summarizes the construction of a Columbia River Crossing Project with its project scope statement. Different assumptions are also taken to make a successful completion of the project. Apart from this, it also gives a brief description of the key stakeholders on its particular role in the construction of the Columbia River Crossing Project. A communication plan is developed with a set of strategies and intends to communicate with the consequences of the evaluation. Finally, it gives a Work Breakdown Structure to give the key deliverables of the construction project plan that organizes the work of team into manageable sections. 1.0 Project Background Columbia River Crossing is a joint Oregon-Washington Project that replaces the existing Columbia River Bridge, which connects Portland (london.gov.uk 2012). This project focuses on rebuilding a series of highway around the bridge with the extension of light rail across the river. It also improves the existing highways. The overall project will cost up to $3.5 billion that replaces the existing Columbia River Bridge. Even the reason behind the construction of this river crossing project is that the freight that crosses the existing bridge is facing delays due to congestion (sao.wa.gov 2014). This project plan addresses various issues related to travel as well as trade. It also addresses the problem of congestion. This project plan provides the reduction in congestion as well as mobility with an accessibility of all the users. It recognizes all the requirements of the local as well as interstate movement in the future. It also provides an efficiently transportation system, encourages the reduced reliance on the single vehicle, improves the incident management as well as increases the capacity measures. 2.0 Project Scope Statement The scope of proposed project is to improve the mobility by addressing the future travel demand as well as needs of mobility in the Columbia River Crossing Bridge. It improves the connectivity, time of travels as well as operations of the public transportation (Brockmann 2012). It also improves the highway freight as well as addresses the needs of travel and trade. This river crossing project addresses the specific problems such as the growing demand as well as congestion, impairing the freight mobility, limiting the operations of public transportation and safety as well as vulnerabilities to the accidents (Hallgren 2012). The scope of this project is that it limits the operation of the public transportation that includes the trips among the Portland Central City as well as the city of the Vancouver as well as country of Clark (Joslin and Muller 2015). The overall outcome of the project plan is to focus on rebuilding a series of highway around the bridge with an extension of light rail across the river. Therefore, the project plan addresses the problem of growing demand as well as congestion and limiting the operations of public transportation within the area of Columbia. 2.1 Assumptions The project manager for successful completion of the project plan takes the assumptions such that the project plan addresses the needs of the travel as well as trade (Lahdenpera 2012). The deliverables of the Columbia River Crossing Project should be delivered within the given particular period as well as estimated budget (Muller and Soderlund 2015). The issues are identified, and the risk management officer takes all the possible steps to mitigate those issues and based on those, the proposed project plan meets with its key objectives of constructing the river bridge (Shamir and Verhoeven 2013). This construction plan would result in heavy congestion that results in the growth of population within the region with a growth in the employment as well as economic activity. The traffic congestion reduces the mobility of the freight among the regional markets of Portland (Thorne et al. 2014). It is assumed that the congestion reduces the speed of bus speed as well as reliability. These as sumptions should be documented such as the project should complete within the given time and budget and can get a successful completion. The assumptions of the project plan consist of: The availability of the key project member The performance of the key project member The skills of the team members Delivery time of the vendors Issues related to vendor performance Accuracy of the dates related to project schedule 3.0 Identification of Stakeholders The project is the joint project of the departments of transportation between the Washington as well as Oregon. Key Stakeholders Responsibilities Influenced/Non-Influenced Impactful/Non-Impactful Co-leaders Federal Highway Administration as well as Transit Administration The responsibility is to improve the mobility of the river bridge highways through national innovation as well as program delivery (Yu, Ma and Wang 2011). It develops the improved mass communication. High The co-leaders are maximizing its influence by working with the leadership of other transit agencies (Thorne et al. 2014). High The contribution of the Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration develops the mass communication among the states of the United States (Dorobantu, Nartey and Henisz 2013). Local partners City of Portland City of Vancouver Southwest Washington Regional Transportation Council They are guiding the regional transportation planning program that includes the transportation policy development (Waligo, Clarke and Hawkins 2013). It develops the regional transportation plan and the programming of the transportation projects for funding. High The management of the local partners has an influence on the development of the regional. Medium The local partners are overseeing the transportation planning process over the Columbia River Bridge crossing. Transit agencies TriMet C-TRAN They are operating regular bus route services. High The internal as well as external factors that are used to influence the ridership growth (Dorobantu, Nartey and Henisz 2013). The internal factors are the level of service, and external factors are traffic congestion and trade growth. Medium These transit agencies are most impactful with the least imposing upgrade. People of Clark Country and Portland They have the responsibility to give their feedback on the construction plan. Low They are influenced to do so such that their feedback should help in designing the best possible structure of the river bridge (Waligo, Clarke and Hawkins 2013). Medium The feedback is given by the People of Clark country, and Portland has an impact on the construction of the bridge. Elected officials They have the responsibility to make sure that it fulfills all the duties under the law it powers (Richman 2012). Low They want to fulfill the duties under the law and follow all the guidelines of constructing a river bridge. Medium If the river bridge is not constructed by following the guidelines, then it gives an impact on the project plan. Project Sponsors and staff They fund for the project plan as per the materials required to construct the Columbia River Crossing Project (Schwalbe 2014). High If the project plan is not completed within the given budget, then there is a high chance of risk within the plan (Dinsmore and Cabanis-Brewin 2014). High If any resources are added, then it will increase the total fund of the project (Heagney 2012). Neighborhood associations The project team works with the neighborhood associations in order to provide information with project updates (Waligo, Clarke and Hawkins 2013). High The other stakeholders are not able to get the information on the latest updates. High If they are not giving the exact updates, then it will not be able to provide the necessary information (Joslin and Muller 2015). 4.0 Communication Plan Deliverable Information Recipient Delivery Method Schedule Project Status Project Planner Director Weekly meetings, Pod casts posted on the project website Weekly Agenda Project team, Steering Committee E-mail, Meetings Monthly Timeline update Steering Committee, Executive Project Sponsor Mailing list, Website update As required Project risks Project steering committee, Project team Risk document, project minutes Monthly Funding of the project plan Project Sponsor E-mail Weekly Supply information kits conducted training Consultant E-mail, phone call Weekly Meetings regarding the design of the river crossing bridge Project Designer E-mail, phone call As required Address and resolve the issues Risk Officer Meetings Weekly 5.0 Work Breakdown Structure WBS Predecessors WBS Activities 1.0 Understand and Explain the needs 1.1 Discuss with the government about the construction plan 1.2 Utilize the specifications of project plan 1.3 Meeting with the stakeholders 1.4 Sign off 2.0 Procurement for constructing the river bridge 2.1 Bridge Working drawings 2.1.1 Structural steel 2.1.2 Structural bearings 2.1.3 Expansion of highways 2.1.4 Machinery for movable bridges 2.1.5 Electrical items for the bridges 2.1.6 Concrete crib walls 2.2 Road requiring design 2.2.1 Impact attenuators 2.2.2 Sheeting 2.2.3 Electrical items 2.3 Sequence of processes 2.3.1 Steel placing 2.3.2 Expansion joints 2.3.3 Wearing coat 2.3.4 Concrete placement 3.0 Completion of the Design of the Bridge 3.1 Start and build the Columbia River Crossing Bridge 3.2 Understand the design of the bridge 3.2.1 Modification of the process of the design 3.2.2 Identify the areas of modification 3.3 Risk management plan 3.3.1 Identify the risks 3.3.2 Testing for the performance 3.4 Final Design 4.0 Construction of the Columbia River bridge 4.1 Pre-turn around construction 4.2 Turn around 4.3 Major construction 4.4 Feasibility study of the construction plan 5.0 Testing of the plan 5.1 Manuals and Documents 5.2 Integrated testing 5.3 Test the resources and equipment 5.4 Preventative maintenance 6.0 Sign off the project plan Conclusion It is concluded that the construction plan for Columbia River Crossing Project replaces the existing Columbia River Bridge, and this bridge connects to the Portland. It also rebuilds a series of highways that improves the existing highways. It is built due to the reason behind the construction of this river crossing project is that the freight that crosses the existing bridge is facing delays due to congestion. This project plan addresses various issues related to travel as well as trade. From the construction of this plan, it gives an outcome that it results in heavy congestion those consequences in the growth of population within the region with an expansion in the employ as well as financial activity. The congestion of traffic uses to reduce the mobility of the freight so that it reduces the speed of the bus as well as reliability. This construction plan contains the list of the stakeholders with their particular communication plan so that they can able to improve the existing highways and overcome with the issues of high congestion on the highways. Through the communication plan, they can able to communicate with others so that there is no possibility of any conflict among the key stakeholders. This project plan also addresses the detailed problems such as the rising demand as well as overcrowding, impairing the freight mobility, preventing the operations of public transport. References Books Dinsmore, P. and Cabanis-Brewin, J., 2014.The AMA Handbook of Project Management. New York: AMACOM. Heagney, J., 2012.Fundamentals of project management. New York: American Management Association. Richman, L., 2012.Improving your project management skills. New York: American Management Association. Schwalbe, K., 2014.Information technology project management. Boston, MA: Course Technology. Journals Brockmann, C., 2012. Construction Project Scheduling and Control (CourseSmart), 2nd edn.Construction Management and Economics, 30(11), pp.1012-1013. Dorobantu, S., Nartey, L. and Henisz, W., 2013. "First Impressions: Stakeholder Networks, Proactive Engagement Stakeholder Opinions of Companies".Academy of Management Proceedings, 2013(1), pp.17448-17448. Hllgren, M., 2012. The construction of research questions in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 30(7), pp.804-816. Joslin, R. and Muller, R., 2015. Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management, 33(6), pp.1377-1392. Lahdenper, P., 2012. Making sense of the multi-party contractual arrangements of project partnering, project alliancing and integrated project delivery.Construction Management and Economics, 30(1), pp.57-79. Muller, R. and Soderlund, J., 2015. Innovative approaches in project management research.International Journal of Project Management, 33(2), pp.251-253. Shamir, U. and Verhoeven, J., 2013. Management of wetlands in river basins: The WETwin project.Environmental Science Policy, 34, pp.1-2. Thorne, C., Castro, J., Cluer, B., Skidmore, P. and Shea, C., 2014. Project Risk Screening Matrix for River Management and Restoration.River Res. Applic., 31(5), pp.611-626. Waligo, V., Clarke, J. and Hawkins, R., 2013. Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework.Tourism Management, 36, pp.342-353. YU, P., MA, Q. and WANG, L., 2011. TBM Cutting Tools Maintenance Technology for the Yellow River Crossing Project in the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project.South-to-North Water Diversion and Water Science Technology, 9(1), pp.21-25. Websites london.gov.uk, 2012.East London River Crossings: Assessment of Options. [online] Available at: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/gla_migrate_files_destination/East%20London%20River%20Crossings%20Assessment%20of%20Options%20TfL_0.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan. 2016]. sao.wa.gov, 2014.Columbia River Crossing Project. [online] Available at: https://www.sao.wa.gov/state/Documents/Columbia_River_Crossing_Project.pdf [Accessed 31 Jan. 2016].